Bonjour à toutes et tous

L'été et passé et contrairement à ce que je pensais je n'ai pas eu une minute pour traduire correctement les textes sur lesquelles je m'ettais engagé.

La rentrée faite le temps et comme pour beaucoup une denrée rare. De plus j'ai pu constater que mon niveau d'Anglais, s'il me permet de lire sans problème est assez faible pour une traduction fluide.

Donc à mon grand regret je viens me retirer des textes que j'avais retenue.

Je joins à ce mail la tentative (l'ébauche) de ce que j'ai commencé si un(e) autre voulais prendre le relais.

Par contre comme je ne suis pas habituer à tout laisser tomber, je veux bien me proposer comme re-lecteur, activité qui me parait moins chronophage et où je pourrais être utile.

Encore une fois à regret je laisse cette activité pourtant gratifiante intellectuellement et humainement.

Cordialement Jean-Christophe

msgid "Free as in Freedom: Part Four: Epilog - 2000 VAIOS and a Grain of Zen"

msgid "By Adam Engel"

<ENG> The KDE and GNOME desktop environments make it possible for people who have no knowledge of Unix or GNU/Linux commands to use a GNU/Linux system as easily as they'd use Mac or Windows for web-browsing, word-processing, email, games and the things most users spend their computer time on. It's only going to get better, and one day many people might know GNU/Linux only through the GUI." <FR> Les environnements de bureau KDE et GNOME rendent accessible aux personnes qui n'ont aucune connaissance des commandes d'Unix ou de GNU/Linux l'usage d'un système GNU/Linux aussi facilement qu'ils emploieraient Mac ou Windows pour surfer, faire du traitement de textes, recevoir des emails, jouer ou tout autre tache usuel pour la plupart des utilisateurs d'ordinateur. Cela ira en s'améliorant, et un jour la plupart des gens pourraient ne savoir utiliser GNU/Linux que par l'interface graphique.

<ENG> I asked Okopnik, "Do you think this is a 'good' thing, that people are finding out they have an alternative, but at the same time using that alternative almost exclusively on the GUI level, like they would use Mac or Windows? Have you noticed more of an interest in Linux or an enhanced readership since Linux became both market and user friendly? If so, are these new users less interested in the "technical" aspects than in having a stable GUI-based system to for work and email and net-surfing?"" <FR> J'ai demandé Okopnik, "pensez-vous qu'il soit 'bon', que les gens découvrent qu'ils ont une alternative, mais qu'en même temps il ne l'emploi presque qu'exclusivement à travers l'interface graphique, comme ils emploieraient Mac ou Windows ? Avez-vous noté un surcroit intérêt pour Linux depuis que celui-ci est devenu a la fois plus commerciale et facile à utiliser ? Si oui, ces nouveaux utilisateurs, sont ils moins intéressés par les aspects "techniques" que par le fait d'avoir un système stable basé sur une interface graphique pour le travail, les courriels ou surfer sur internet ?"

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "Actually, this is an issue that I brought up in an involved discussion with the LG staff and the Answer Gangsters (The Answer Gang answers Linux questions sent to us by our readers, and the discussions and the answers become part of LG.) My viewpoint here is that it's actually a very good thing - modulo the awareness that the Command Line (CLI) exists. That is, people are perfectly welcome to come to Linux and use only its GUI capabilities as long as this serves their needs - but when the GUI proves insufficient, the capabilities of the CLI are there, just underneath, providing the perfect security blanket. <FR> Okopnik a répondu, "en fait, c'est une hypothèse que j'ai évoquée dans une discussion à laquelle je participais avec les rédacteurs de "LG" (Linux Gazette) et "the Answer Gangsters" ("the Answer Gangsters" est un groupe qui répond aux questions concernant Linux envoyées par nos lecteurs, et les questions/réponses prennent dans "LG".) De mon point de vue c'est réellement une très bonne chose - tout en se rappelant que la ligne de commande (CLI) existe. J'entends par là que tout tout les utilisateurs bienvenus dans le monde Linux et peut utiliser toute ses possibilité d'interface graphique pour tant que celle-ci répond à leurs besoin - mais quand l'interface graphique atteind ses limites, la CLI es là, à portée de main, offrant une totale sécurité (ou : "en secour").

<ENG> "In an article I wrote for Java Developers Journal, I related an example of this. I had a client whose Web developer left them in the lurch with several hundred HTML files without the ".html" extensions. This wouldn't be too bad by itself - renaming a group of files isn't difficult - but the thousands of HTML links within the files referred to those extensionless names as well. With GUI-only tools, this is a nearly-unsolvable disaster. From the CLI, it was a matter of a single short line of code: <FR> "dans un article que j'ai écrit pour le journal des développeurs Java, je citais un exemple ilustrant ça. J'ai eu un client que son développeur web à laisser dans l'embarras avec plusieurs centaines de fichiers HTML sans l'extension '.html'. Ce n'est pas très grave en soi - renommer un groupe de fichier n'est pas très compliqué - mais les milliers de liens HTML sa rapportant à ces noms sans extension un peu plus. Avec la seul interface graphique, c'est une castatrophe insurmontable. Tandis qu'avec la ligne de commande (CLI), ce n'est qu'une simple et courte ligne de code:

perl -i -wpe 's/<a href="[^"]+/$&.html/g' *

<ENG> "The readership of LG has certainly changed over time. Where we used to get dozens of questions on fairly technical topics in The Answer Gang, we now get only a few - and they tend to be simpler, less technical. The email I get from our readers indicates that there has indeed been a definite shift in the user base; the old Linuxer who would bang on a problem for hours so that it could be reported (and quickly fixed) is being... well, not _replaced,_ but reduced, percentage-wise, as the mainstay of the population. The new user is often just that - a computer user who just wants that email/web/document/spreadsheet processor and maybe a few games on the side. There is, however, a cultural shift that occurs even in those users after a while: you cannot live in a society based on a given moral premise and ignore that premise, or even stop it from penetrating into your life (even if you try to prevent it.) The original "hacker ethic" of Linux lives on, strong as ever in those who use the full extent of this OS, and inherent (and growing, however slowly) in those who use it even without that full knowledge. <FR> "les lecteurs de "LG" ont certainement changé avec le temps. Là où nous avions l'habitude, avec "The Answer Gang", de recevoir des douzaines de questions sur des sujets assez techniques, nous n'en avons plus que quelques unes - et elles tendent à être plus simples, moins technique. Les couriels qui m'arrivent de nos lecteurs indiquent qu'il y a eu en effet un changement radicale d'utilisateur; le vieux 'Linuxien' qui bloquait sur un problème pendant des heures à tel point qu'il le signalait (et le réparait rapidement ) est passé, pas _ remplacé, mais diminué, il n'en reste qu'un faible pourcentage, un noyau dur. Le nouvel utilisateur n'est souvent qu'un _simple utilisateur d'ordinateur qui veut juste utiliser le courriel/internet/traitement de texte et peut-être quelques jeux de temps en temps. Il y a, cependant, un déblocage culturel qui se produit même chez ces utilisateurs au fil du temps: vous ne pouvez pas vivre dans une société basée sur des structures morales données et ignorer ces structures, ou même les empêcher de s'immisser dans votre vie (même si vous y êtes rétissant.) L'éthique originelle des "bidouilleurs experts" de Linux vit encore, plus forte que jamais chez ceux qui emploient toute la ouissance de ce système opérationnel (OS), et sous tendu (et progressant, même lentement) chez ceux qui l'emploient même sans en avoir la total connaissance.

<ENG> I wrote, "I was considering the license for Documentation -- I forgot what it's called..." <FR> J'ai demandé, "qu'en est il de la license sur les documents -- J'ai oublié comment elle s'appelait --"

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "The Open Publication License. There has been quite an evolution of licenses on the documentation side; the OPL is pretty much the last product of it (there are a few others) and is by far the most popular, simple, and comprehensive. The LG remains under it because I did _a lot_ of applicable research." <FR> Okopnik a répondu, "le license ouverte de publication (OPL). Il y a effectivement eu une évolution des licences du côté de la documentation; l'"OPL" est la dernière née (avec quelques autres) et est de loin le plus populaire, simple et facile à comprendre. La LG reste sous cette license lui parce que je lui trouve plein d'interêt."

<ENG> I wrote, "It almost goes without saying that this article will be 'free' but it's probably a good idea to say it because I've been 'burned' before, as have other writers I know, having articles that were meant to be "free" stolen by publications that charge a fee to readers -- online or off." <FR> J'ai écrit, "il va de soi que cet article sera 'libre' mais c'est certainement une bonne idée de la dire car j'ai été échaudé auparavant, comme d'autres auteurs je connais, qui en ayant écrit des articles censés être être 'libres' se sont fait voler leur travaux par des éditeurs qui le revendaient à leurs lecteurs -- en ligne ou pas."

<ENG> Okopnik replied, "This would be a good reason to implement the 'no commercial distribution without prior permission' clause." <FR> Okopnik a répondu, "C'est une excellente raison pour mettre en place la clause 'de distribution non commercial sans autorisation préalable'."

<ENG> I wrote, "Tell me about your experience with licensing and your research. For instance, how does one particular license affect LG as opposed to another?" <FR> J'ai écrit, "parlez moi de votre expérience et de vos recherches sur l'utilisation des licences. Par exemple, comment une licence particulière affecte-t-elle LG par rapport aux autres ?

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "When I took over the E-i-C/publisher slot here at LG, I decided to revisit the decisions that had been made (and cast as procedure) in the past with regard to as many of them as I could find; in my opinion, this needed to be done to keep LG fresh and relevant. One of these was the license under which we accept and publish all our material. <FR> Okopnik a écrit, "Quand j'ai pris la succession "d'E-i-C/publisher" ici à LG, j'a décidé de revoir les décisions qui avaient été prises (et établient comme procédure) par le passé en ce qui concerne l'autant de d'eux car je pourrais trouver; à mon avis, ceci devait être fait pour maintenir LG frais et approprié. Une d'entre elle était la licence sous lequel nous acceptions et éditions notre contenu.

<ENG> "I had asked Rick Moen, a member of our staff who is very knowledgeable about the nitty-gritty of various FLOSS issues including licensing to comment on our use of OPL; I also threw the floor open to others' input. As a result of the discussion and familiarization with the basic issues at stake, I did a lot of my own research, and came to focus on the OPL (which was the license LG was using at the time) and the CC, the Creative Commons license (see http://creativecommons.org/; I recommend the site highly, particularly their "license-choosing wizard" which helps you pick the appropriate one for your application.) The latter held a lot of promise and flexibility, but in the end, I had to vote /antiquo/; the OPL, with a little clarification, supplied all our needs. The front page of LG now states: *<FR> "J'avais demandé à Rick Moen, un membre de notre équipe qui est très au fait de la nettiquette et de tout ce qui s'y rapporte, dont l'utilisation de licence, de bien vouloir se pencher sur notre utilisation de l'OPL; J'ai également ouvert la porte à d'autres propositions. Au vu des discussions et de la familiarisation avec les premières limites, j'ai du faire beaucoup de recherche par moi meme, et me suis concentrer sur l'OPL (qui était la licence que LG employait alors) et le CC, 'the Creative Commons license' (voir http://creativecommons.org /; je recommande vivement ce site, en particulier pour leur "automate de choix" qui vous aides à sélectioner la licence approprié pour votre application.) Cette dernière apportée garanti et flexibilité, mais à la fin, j'ai dû voter/antiquo/; l'OPL, avec une peu de clarification, a répondu à toute nos attentes. Elle apparait maintenant sur la page de garde de LG:

<ENG> "All content released under the Open Publication License v1.0 (options A and B not applied) <FR> "Tous le contenu est publié sous la licence 'Open Publication License v1.0' (les options A et B n'ont pas été retenuent)

<ENG> "The clarification in the parentheses was the only thing added. Given that the author of OPL himself, David Wiley, considers it dated (he became CC's Director of Educational Licenses and shut down the Open Content site in 2003), we may well transition to the CC at some point in the future. For now, though, the OPL serves our purposes and creates no restrictions on the author's rights (theirs supercede ours) that I would find objectionable. <FR> "Les précisions entre parenthèses ont été les seuls choses ajoutées. D'après l'auteur de l'OPL lui meme, David Wiley, elle commence à dater (il est devenu pour CC Directeur de la 'Educational Licence' -?- et a fermé le site 'Open Content' en 2003), nous évolueront surement vers une licence de CC dans le future. Pour l'instant, l'OPL répond à nos besoin et n'entrave pas les droits des auteurs (tous comme les notre) d'une façon que je puisse trouver répréhensible.

<ENG> "LG's only concern is the right to distribute freely in electronic format. Should you wish to prohibit or restrict commercial distribution, or want to be contacted before anyone converts it to print, we have no objection or concern; in fact, we have no say - and this is what I, in my capacity at LG, see as perfectly suiting our needs. A slightly different attitude than you'll find in a commercial environment, I grant... " wrote Okopnik <FR> "La licence LG ne concerne que la distribution libre au format electronique. Voulez vous interdier ou restreindre la distribution commercial, ou voulez vous etre informé avant que qui que ce soit de l'imprimer, nous n'avons aucune objection ni ; en fait, nous n'avons rien à dire - et c'est ce qui, dans le cadre de mes responsabilités à LG, à nos yeux réponds le mieux à nos attentes. Une attitude de gentille indifférence que vous ne trouveriez pas dans un environnement commercial, me semble-t-il..." répondit Okopnik

<ENG> I wrote, "This is a particularly interesting/different attitude for a magazine." <FR> j'ai écris, "C'est une attitude différente particulièrement interressante pour un magazine."

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "The Open Source culture often produces those. Once money is not the primary motivator, a number of interesting results show up. FLOSS is a social experiment gone successful -> mainstream -> wild, a meritocracy/gift-based culture that focuses on exchanging people's best abilities for community recognition and respect. Part of the secret of its effectiveness is that you can't cheat people out of respect the way you can with money - it can always be lost or withdrawn. Like any other human system, it has its imperfections (see Cory Doctorow's "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom" or James P. Hogan's "Voyage into Yesteryear", both of which describe a respect-based system as the basis of an economy), but they're a) usually self-correcting and b) several orders of magnitude less extreme at the edges than what we have now." <FR> Okopnik a écrit, "La culture de 'l'Open Source' (partage des soucres/connaissances) amène parfois à ce résultat. Lorsque l'argent n'est plus la première motivation, quelques résultat interessant apparaissent.

<ENG> I wrote, "It actually brings up the question, "what is a magazine" (online or off)? I always thought of a commercial magazine as a corporation using artists and authors to sell advertisements while at the same time providing a venue for artist/authors' works. But a zine like LG, which provides essential, often crucial information to a specific audience -- i.e. Linux users -- has a unique responsibility as an "education/information venue." By placing author's rights above the rights of the magazine itself, you are serving as a mediator between your audience and the kind of information you offer them."

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "/Tetigisti acu/; well done, sir. That is precisely our function and mission. We want to introduce people to Linux, get them to the point where they'll know enough to ask the right questions and to find the answers. This would set off all sorts of alarms for a commercial venture - we are, after all, training our readers not to need us after a while - but I'll happily hang up my editorial hat once most of the world is Linux-competent. :)"

<ENG> I wrote, "I see LG as a "mediator" between Linux Users and the millions of pages of information pertaining to Linux. At some point an 'editor' is needed, otherwise a reader can just do a Google search on various subjects without a coherent 'theme.'"

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "Precisely so. Does it surprise you to learn that I'm a teacher (seminars in programming, network security, etc. for Sun Microsystems and others), and have been, in one form or another, for most of my career? I suspect not."

<ENG> "What's FLOSS?" I asked.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "An unwieldy compromise of a name that the majority can live with. As you've probably figured from your exchange with Stallman, there's some disagreement about exactly what this whole movement should be called - and Free/Libre/Open Source Software is what we got as a result. Like dead yeast in beer, it's harmless and doesn't even affect the flavor."

<ENG> I wrote, "Interestingly, or by strange coincidence, I destroyed my wife's Windows installation on a super-powered custom-built PC she uses to run the Maya 3D program (she teaches computer graphics and 3D at New York University)."

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "You do realize that Maya is usually run under Linux these days, right?"

<ENG> I wrote, "Doesn't matter; the university's program is locked into Windows. Anyway, she warned me not to mess up her dedicated Maya machine by 'playing around with Linux' and of course I told her this was an impossibility -- oops. Problem was, I switched, after a year of smooth sailing, from GRUB to LILO and totally corrupted the Master Boot Record (MBR). This brought up an interesting point: virtually no one knows how Windows works. I was able to fix the LILO problem, but I had no idea how to do anything in Windows, nor did many people I called who actually teach courses on the Windows OS. To make matters worse, the only boot disc available was the original installation CD, which you can only access via a password, which we forgot. So, even though we "owned" the system, there was no way of getting in. We had to call in an expert, the person who built the machine and installed the software, the President of Compusoft Computing Systems himself, Philip Keough, who is all of sixteen years old..."

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "In an information-based economy, intelligence (and the wisdom to use it correctly) is the winning factor. The side effects still tend to surprise the hell out of people, which makes for interesting food for thought."

<ENG> I wrote, "I recognized this as an opportunity not only to save my marriage, but to interview a certified computer whiz from the 'younger generation' (painful, those words) who grew up with both Windows and Linux. His high school -- I think the President of Compusoft Computing Systems is a junior -- just provided a Sony VAIO laptop for every student, loaded, of course, with Windows XP. The school was considering GNU/Linux, but decided to go with the 'industry standard.' I asked him if anyone among his hacker friends, not the 'mainstream students,' was into GNU/Linux, which I thought would be the OS for rebellious young geeks. His answer was exaclty 2 out of 2000 sudents, are familiar with GNU/Linux: himself and some other kid who publicly proclaims 'give me Linux or give me death' but secretly runs Windows 2000 as his main installation. I asked Philip why this was so, why kids at such a young age would want to feed into the 'industry standard' way of life. His answer was that Windows felt more "professional" just as Adobe Photoshop was 'more professional' than The GIMP. So much for garage-band rebellion and the Ramones...

<ENG> "If what he was saying is true, and Mac is viewed as something for graphic artists, like the old SGI, but otherwise obsolete, then there is only one operating system on earth, and it's a damned bad one," I wrote.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "You have to remember that the OS competitive arena is the entire world, while what you heard was a single opinion from a single person in a single location. Furthermore, if he had said 'Windows can do X, Y, and Z whereas Linux can't', or 'the software that we're mandated to use requires Windows', well and good (although I don't think that it's possible to defend the first argument); since his entire area of focus is on how an OS 'feels', then he's off into mysticism as opposed to rational judgement."

<ENG> I wrote, "So, in reference to your LG audience: is GNU/Linux just a toy that hackers boot on week-ends to unwind, or is it viewed as a genuine alternative to Windows? The feeling I'm getting, or I was getting from Philip, is that even the most dedicated GNU/Linux enthusiasts share their hard-drives with some version of Windows for use in the 'real world.'"

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "Well, let's see. Many schools, hospitals, and government installations in India run Linux. Same for South Africa. France has passed a law that says "Open Source is to be implemented whenever possible"; Brazil, which was 8% of Microsoft's business a couple of years ago, has followed suit. Germany has been using Linux in their security departments, and is now implementing it at every level - federal, state, and local. China has decided that it's their official OS; Korea and Japan have joined them in investing several billion dollars in FLOSS software development recently. Most of South America is switching, led by Peru (Dr. Villanueva Nunez, a Congressman, responded succinctly and brilliantly to the fear-and-doubt tactics that Microsoft tried to sow when the decision was made; the translation can be found in many places on the Net.) This is just off the top of my head; there are many other countries which have decided that FLOSS simply _works_ for them (generally by making them competitive in the world market and removing an unnecessary barrier to their pool of talented but poor would-be techies.)

<ENG> "Special effects - in e.g. Titanic, Shrek, The One, and many other movies - are being done on Linux, simply because you _can't_ build a real server farm for crunching serious processing under Windows (incidentally, one of the most powerful computers in the world is a massively-parallel rig built by students in Australia. Guess what it runs?) The overwhelming majority of Web servers on the Net run Linux - and many of those that don't are running Apache, a piece of FLOSS software.

<ENG> "I hope these random examples begin to add up to a coherent picture. I couldn't even start to draw an outline of just how huge and pervasive the entire FLOSS penetration into the OS market actually is," Okopnik wrote.

<ENG> Okopnik added, "Mac's gone FLOSS. Well, almost completely, anyway: the base of Mac OS/X is another free Unix, BSD. The only part they haven't really opened is their desktop manager (if I recall correctly, it's called "Aqua") - but you can run plain ole' X on Mac hardware, and it's available right from Apple's site. What's more, Apple has been edging toward releasing the older versions of Aqua as FLOSS; their real edge has always been as a great hardware and User Interface (UI) company anyway, so they wouldn't lose anything.

<ENG> "A lot of FLOSS software, unsurprisingly, can be compiled to run on OS/X; the instructions for doing so are, again, available on Apple's site - and so it a lot of already compiled FLOSS. Did I mention that we're taking over the world? :)," Okopnik wrote.

<ENG> I wrote, "But Mac long ago ceased to be any kind of real competitor to Windows. Like the old Soviet Union kept the U.S. in check and vice versa. Now the U.S. is a Monopoly run rampant -- like Microsoft. A closed system is a closed system. The rest of the world, developing better software on Linux, will catch up while Microsoft, who keeps its position only through use of 'force' will wither up and die," I wrote.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "Is it as obvious to you as it is to me and many others? I don't understand why more people can't see that basic fact - other than simply not knowing or understanding the issues."

<ENG> I wrote, "I came across this quote by Stallman on the gnu.org site (www.gnu.org/thegnuproject.html):

<ENG> 'The "Linux" magazines ... are filled with advertisements for proprietary software that works with GNU/Linux. When the next Motif or Qt appears, will these magazines warn programmers to stay away from it, or will they run ads for it?'

<ENG> "Response?" I wrote.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "As it happens, LG is the one Linux publication that does not accept advertisements, and therefore does not follow Stallman's dictum; we prefer to remain totally unbiased (except by our own personal prejudices, of course. :) I have to agree that commercially-driven magazines do have their bottom line to consider; perhaps not above all, but it is a very strong motivating factor. I'll admit to being actually shocked for about 30 seconds when I saw a Microsoft ad in the Linux Journal... but sober consideration prevailed. There's no reason that they shouldn't have - the ad said nothing derogatory about Linux and was placed in the more-or-less correct market for MS's purposes - but it did make for an interesting contrast.

<ENG> "For the people who were outraged by this - and judging from the comments on Slashdot and elsewhere, many were - I'd suggest considering the following Buddhist koan:

<ENG> "'Always meditate on whatever provokes resentment.'

<ENG> "Very interesting questions can be found in the moment between the emotional response and the reaction..." wrote Okopnik.

<ENG> I wrote, "Sometimes I wonder if I should be writing two different articles, the GNU Story, and Everyone Else's. They're kinda picky with their "GNU/Linux" not "Linux" and initially boycotting KDE because qt was "proprietary" but I guess you need people like that, people who are ready, willing and able to go 'all the way' to get a movement started. If you don't mind me 'requoting' you from the previous section of this article:

<ENG> 'We _need_ our radicals. They're ugly, scruffy, pushy, aggressive, loud, and unfit for normal humans to associate with - but, O Ghod do we need them! They sacrifice themselves on the altar of whatever the hell their passion may be; they give up their right to be seen as "normal", and make of themselves targets at which the majority of society will fling rocks and garbage - and we, the human race, get to move ahead just another tiny notch for each one of them. Granted, there are radicals on either side of the fence - and lots of different fences - but the total vector of these little steps *is* in the direction of progress; another pragmatic belief of mine, and although I won't go into the philosophical ramifications of it, it can be summed up as "'good' is just another way of saying "pro-survival".' -- Ben Okopnik. That's you," I wrote.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "I might add, 'Listening to these folks, however, _does_ require turning down the volume and intensity controls, and keeping a supply of large grains of NaCl handy. :)'"

<ENG> I wrote, "I just want this article to introduce GNU/Linux to people who aren't aware that it's a valid option -- especially now that KDE and GNOME provide GUI 'desktop environments' that anyone can use. Good to know know LG is sticking to the straight and narrow regarding advertisements for proprietary software, though." <FR> J'ai écris, "Je souhaite juste que cette article présente GNU/Linux à ceux qui ne le considèrent pas comme une option valable -- surtout maintenant que KDE etGNOME proposente des interfaces graphiques facilement accessibles. Il est toutefois interessant de savoir que LG suit de près ce qui concerne las logiciels propriétaires.

<ENG> Okopnik wrote, "Well, we don't have an articulated social contract the way Debian Linux does (http://www.debian.org/social_contract), but we do have our priorities. 'Making Linux a little more fun' does not mean distorting the truth for profit - and that includes being cautious with regard to slippery slopes." <FR> Okopnik a écrit, "Et bien, nous n'avons pas actuellement de contrat social comme put l'avoir Debian (http://www.debian.org/social_contract), mais nousa avons no priorités. 'Rendre Linux plus conviviale' ne veut pas dire -

<ENG> This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License. It is free to distribute, reproduce or modify with the author's consent. Read more about licensing software, text and documentation at http://www.creativecommons.org. <FR> Ce travail est placé sous une licence 'Creative Commons License'. Il est possible de le distribuer, reproduire ou modifier librement avec l'accord de l'auteur. Pour plus d'information sur les licence logiciels, texte documentation rendez vous à http://www.creativecommons.org.

<ENG> [BIO] Adam Engel has published poetry, fiction and essays in such magazines and periodicals as Counter Punch, Dissident Voice, Online Journal, Strike-the-Root, LewRockwell.com, The New York Art Review, The Concord Journal, The Middlesex News, Accent, The Littleton Review, Ark, Smart Shoes, The Beacon, Literal Latte, Artemis, The Lummox Journal, Fearless, POESY, The Half Moon Review, Art:Mag, Chronogram, Gnome and others. <FR> [BIO] Adam Engel a écrit des poésies,des romans et des essais dans des magazines et hebdomadaires comme Counter Punch, Dissident Voice, Online Journal, Strike-the-Root, LewRockwell.com, The New York Art Review, The Concord Journal, The Middlesex News, Accent, The Littleton Review, Ark, Smart Shoes, The Beacon, Literal Latte, Artemis, The Lummox Journal, Fearless, POESY, The Half Moon Review, Art:Mag, Chronogram, Gnome et autres.

<ENG> Adam Engel's first book of poetry, Oil and Water, was published by Maximum Capacity Press in 2001. His novel, Topiary, will be published by Dandelion Books in the Spring of 2005. <FR> Le premier recueil de poésie de Adam Engel's, 'Oil and Water', a été publié par Maximum Capacity Press en 2001. Sa nouvelle, 'Topiary', a été publié par Dandelion Books au printemps 2005.

<ENG> He has worked as a journalist, screenwriter, executive speechwriter, systems administrator, and editorial consultant, and has taught writing at New York University, Touro College and the Gotham Writer's Workshop in New York City. <FR> Il a travaillé comme journalise, scénariste, dialoguiste, administrateur système et éditorialiste, et a enseigné l'écriture à l'université de New York, au Touro Colege et au 'Gotham Writer's Workshop' à New York.

<ENG> Copyright © 2005, Adam Engel. Released under the Open Publication license unless otherwise noted in the body of the article. Linux Gazette is not produced, sponsored, or endorsed by its prior host, SSC, Inc. <FR> Copyright © 2005, Adam Engel. Article sous licence 'Open Publication License' sous réserve de restriction énoncé dans le corps de l'article. Linux Gazette n'est ni produit, ni sponsorisé ou

<ENG> Published in Issue 113 of Linux Gazette, April 2005 <FR> Publié dans le Nuéro 113 de Linux Gazette, Avril 2005